Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 01
Biomolecules | 
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| Structure and functions; biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; enzymes-classification, kinetics, and mechanism of action; Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) | 
| Photosynthesis, respiration, and electron transport chain; bioenergetics | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 02
Viruses | 
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| Structure and classification; microbial classification and diversity (bacterial, algal, and fungal); Methods in microbiology; microbial growth and nutrition; aerobic and anaerobic respiration; nitrogen fixation | 
| Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interaction | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 03
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure | 
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| Cell cycle and cell growth control; cell-cell communication, cell signalling and signal transduction | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 04
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes | 
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| Mutations and mutagenesis; nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation, and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; complementation; linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping | 
| Extrachromosomal inheritance; microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; chromosomal variation | 
| Molecular basis of genetic diseases | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 05
Principles of microscopy | 
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| Light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; centrifugation-high speed and ultra; principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS, NMR; principles of chromatography-ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity | 
| Principles of chromatography-GC,HPLC, FPLC; electrophoresis; microarray | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 06
History of immunology | 
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| Innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity; antigen; antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; synthesis of antibody and secretion; antigen-antibody reaction; complement; primary and secondary lymphoid organ | 
| B and T cells and macrophages; major histocompatibility complex (MHC); antigen processing and presentation; polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; regulation of immune response; immune tolerance; hypersensitivity; autoimmunity; graft versus host reaction | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 07
Major bioinformatics resources and search tools | 
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| Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studies | 
| Molecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-ligand interaction) | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 08
Restriction and modification enzymes | 
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| Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; gene isolation, cloning and expression; transposons and gene targeting | 
| DNA labelling; DNA sequencing; polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; southern and northern blotting; in-situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; site-directed mutagenesis; gene transfer technologies; gene therapy | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 09
Totipotency | 
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| Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; tissue culture and cell suspension culture system: Methodology, the kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures | 
| Hairy root culture; transgenic plants; Plant products of industrial importance | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 10
Animal cell culture | 
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| Media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; kinetics of cell growth; micro and macro carrier culture; hybridoma technology; stem cell technology; animal cloning | 
| Transgenic animals | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 11
Chemical engineering principles applied to a biological system | 
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| Principle of reactor design, ideal and non-ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, aeration and agitation; media formulation and optimization; kinetics of microbial growth | 
| Substrate utilization and product formation; sterilization of air and media; batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; instrumentation control and optimization | 
| Unit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; Process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 12
Engineering principle of bioprocessing | 
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| Upstream production and downstream; bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; production of biomass and primary/ secondary metabolites; biofuels, bioplastics, industrial enzymes | 
| Antibiotics; large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; industrial application of chromatographic and membrane-based bioseparation methods; immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processes | 
| Bioremediation-aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid/ liquid wastes | 
 
Basic biology, life sciences, biotechnology and allied area: Unit 13
Tissue culture and its application, micropropagation | 
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| Meristem culture and production of virus-free plants | 
| Anther and microspore culture | 
| Embryo and ovary culture | 
| Protoplast isolation | 
| Protoplast fusion-somatic hybrids, cybrids | 
| Somaclones | 
| Synthetic seeds | 
| In vitro germplasm conservation | 
| Cryopreservation | 
| Organelle DNA, satellite-and repetitive DNAs | 
| DNA repair | 
| Regulation of gene expression | 
| Recombinant DNA technology-cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, gene cloning | 
| Methods of gene transfer in plants | 
| Achievements and recent developments of genetic engineering in agriculture | 
| Development of transgenics for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, bioethics, terminator technology, nanotechnology, DNA fingerprinting, gene silencing | 
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